Question 1

Coping with Test Anxiety

Accepted Answer

American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Performance anxiety. In APA dictionary of psychology. Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://dictionary.apa.org/performance-anxiety  
Anxiety Canada. (n.d.). Test anxiety. https://www.anxietycanada.com/articles/test-anxiety-2/ 
Brady, S. T., Hard, B. M., & Gross, J. J. (2018). Reappraising test anxiety increases academic performance of first-year college students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 110(3), 395–406. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000219  
Carsley, D., & Heath, N. L. (2020). Effectiveness of mindfulness-based coloring for university students’ test anxiety. Journal of American College Health, 68(5), 518-527. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2019.1583239  
Cassady, J. C., & Johnson, R. E. (2002). Cognitive test anxiety and academic performance. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 27(2), 270–295. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.2001.1094   
Doherty, J. H., & Wenderoth, M. P. (2017). Implementing an expressive writing intervention for test anxiety in a large college course. Journal of Microbiology and Biology Education, 18(2), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1128/jmbe.v18i2.1307 
Downs, C. (n.d.) Managing Test Anxiety. Brown University Counseling and Psychological Services. https://www.brown.edu/campus-life/support/counseling-and-psychological-services/managing-test-anxiety 
Liebert, R. M., & Morris, L. W. (1967). Cognitive and emotional components of test anxiety: A distinction and some initial data. Psychological Reports, 20, 975–978. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1967.20.3.975    
Maier, A., Schaitz, C., Kröner, J., Berger, A., Keller, F., Beschoner, P., Connemann, B., & Sosic-Vasic, Z. (2021). The association between test anxiety, self-efficacy, and mental images among university students: Results from an online survey. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, e618108. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.618108

Question 2

Dealing with Breakups

Accepted Answer

Arnett, J. J. (2015). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.   
Barber, L. L. (2011). Getting over a relationship breakup: Testing two interventions to facilitate recovery (Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri--Columbia).   
Baroni, D., Nerini, A., Matera, C., & Stefanile, C. (2018). Mindfulness and emotional distress: The mediating role of psychological well-being. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 37(3), 467–476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9524-1   
Bränström, R., Duncan, L. G., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2011). The association between dispositional mindfulness, psychological well-being, and perceived health in a Swedish population-based sample. British Journal of Health Psychology, 16, 300–316. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910710X501683   
Development and Intrapersonal Resilience (DAIR) research team (2022). Self-care assessment [Infographic]. McGill University. Link 
Eickmeyer, K. J., & Manning, W. D. (2018). Serial cohabitation in young adulthood: Baby boomers to millennials. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 80(4), 826–840. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12495  
Ford, B. Q., Lam, P., John, O. P., & Mauss, I. B. (2018). The psychological health benefits of accepting negative emotions and thoughts: Laboratory, diary, and longitudinal evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 115(6), 1075-1092. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/pspp0000157    
Glass, N., & Rose, J. (2008). Enhancing emotional well-being through self-care: The experiences of community health nurses in Australia. Holistic Nursing Practice, 22(6), 336-347. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.HNP.0000339345.26500.62   
Halpern-Meekin, S., Manning, W. D., Giordano, P. C., & Longmore, M. A. (2013). Relationship churning in emerging adulthood: On/off relationships and sex with an ex. Journal of Adolescent Research, 28(2), 166–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558412464524    
Kansky, J., & Allen, J. P. (2018). Making sense and moving on: The potential for individual and interpersonal growth following emerging adult breakups. Emerging Adulthood, 6(3), 172-190. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696817711766   
Lee, C.-Y. S., & Dik, B. J. (2017). Associations among stress, gender, sources of social support, and health in emerging adults. Stress and Health, 33(4), 378–388. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2722   
Morris, C. E., & Reiber, C. (2011). Frequency, intensity and expression of post-relationship grief. EvoS Journal: The Journal of the Evolutionary Studies Consortium, 3(1), 1–11.  
Norona, J. C., Olmstead, S. B., & Welsh, D. P. (2017). Breaking up in emerging adulthood: A developmental perspective of relationship dissolution. Emerging Adulthood, 5(2), 116–127. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696816658585   
O’Sullivan, L. F., Hughes, K., Talbot, F., & Fuller, R. (2019). Plenty of fish in the ocean: How do traits reflecting resiliency moderate adjustment after experiencing a romantic breakup in emerging adulthood? Journal of Youth and Adolescence: A Multidisciplinary Research Publication, 48(5), 949–962. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-00985-5   
Scott, E. (2020, November 24). Why self-care can help you manage stress. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/importance-of-self-care-for-health-stress-management-3144704   
Shanahan, L., Steinhoff, A., Bechtiger, L., Murray, A. L., Nivette, A., Hepp, U., Ribeaud, D., & Eisner, M. (2020). Emotional distress in young adults during the covid-19 pandemic: Evidence of risk and resilience from a longitudinal cohort study. Psychological Medicine, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329172000241X   
Shenhav, S., Campos, B., & Goldberg, W. A. (2017). Dating out is intercultural: Experience and perceived parent disapproval by ethnicity and immigrant generation. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 34(3), 397–422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407516640387 
Simpson, J. A. (1987). The dissolution of romantic relationships: Factors involved in relationship stability and emotional distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(4), 683–692. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.53.4.683 
Stapleton, C. M., Zhang, H., & Berman, J. S. (2021). The event-specific benefits of writing about a difficult life experience. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 17(1), 53–69. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.2089

Question 3

Dealing with Loneliness

Accepted Answer

Abu Rabia, H. M. (2017). Undergraduate Arab international students' adjustment to U.S. universities. International Journal of Higher Education, 6(1), 131-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v6n1p131
Aknin, L. B., Broesch, T., Hamlin, J. K., & Van de Vondervoort, J. W. (2015). Prosocial behavior leads to happiness in a small-scale rural society. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(4), 788–795. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000082
Appel, M., Marker, C., & Gnambs, T. (2020). Are social media ruining our lives? A review of meta-analytic evidence. Review of General Psychology, 24(1), 60–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/1089268019880891
Aspy, D. J., & Proeve, M. (2017). Mindfulness and loving-kindness meditation: Effects on connectedness to humanity and to the natural world. Psychological Reports, 120(1), 102–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294116685867
Campagne, D. M. (2019). Stress and perceived social isolation (loneliness). Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 82, 192–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2019.02.007
Chang, E. C., Lee, J., Stam, K. R., Batterbee, C. N. H., Yu, T., Chang, O. D., Martos, T., & Sallay, V. (2017). Family support as a moderator of the relationship between loneliness and suicide risk in college students: Having a supportive family matters! Family Journal, 25(3), 257–263. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480717711102
Clark, J. L., Algoe, S. B., & Green, M. C. (2018). Social network sites and well-being: The role of social connection. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27(1), 32–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417730833
Cuncic, A. (2021, October 19). Living with Social Anxiety Disorder. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/coping-with-social-anxiety-disorder-3024836
Dibbs, B., & Foster, M. (2021). Loneliness and Facebook use: The role of social comparison and rumination.Heliyon, 7(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/.heliyon.2021.e05999
Diehl, K., Jansen, C., Ishchanova, K., & Hilger-Kolb, J. (2018). Loneliness at universities: Determinants of emotional and social loneliness among students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(9), 1865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091865
Eccles, A. M., & Qualter, P. (2021). Review: Alleviating loneliness in young people - a meta-analysis of interventions. Child and adolescent mental health, 26(1), 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12389  
Goodwin, J., Behan, L., Kelly, P., McCarthy, K., & Horgan, A. (2016). Help-seeking behaviors and mental well-being of first year undergraduate university students. Psychiatry Research, 246, 129–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.09.015
Grieve, R., Indian, M., Witteveen, K., Anne Tolan, G., & Marrington, J. (2013). Face-to-face or Facebook: Can social connectedness be derived online? Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 604–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.017
Hawkley, L. C., Burleson, M. H., Berntson, G. G., Cacioppo, J. T. (2003). Loneliness in everyday life: Cardiovascular activity, psychosocial context, and health behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(1), 105–120.
Hsiao-ping, W., Garza, E., & Guzman, N. (2015). International student’s challenge and adjustment to college. Education Research International. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/202753
Hutcherson, C. A., Seppala, E. M., & Gross, J. J. (2008). Loving-kindness meditation increases social connectedness. Emotion (Washington, D.c.), 8(5), 720–724. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013237
Khanal, J., & Gaulee, U. (2019). Challenges of international students from pre-departure to post-study: A literature review. Journal of International Students, 9(2), 560–581. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v9i2.673  
Lippke, S., Fischer, M. A., & Ratz, T. (2021). Physical activity, loneliness, and meaning of friendship in young individuals - a mixed-methods investigation prior to and during the covid-19 pandemic with three cross-sectional studies. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, e617627. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.617267
Marino, C., Gini, G., Vieno, A., & Spada, M. M. (2018). The associations between problematic Facebook use, psychological distress and well-being among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of affective disorders, 226, 274–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.10.007
Marker, C., Gnambs, T., & Appel, M. (2018). Active on Facebook and failing at school? Meta-analytic findings on the relationship between online social networking activities and academic achievement. Educational Psychology Review, 30(3), 651–677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-017-9430-6
Moeller, R. W., & Seehuus, M. (2019). Loneliness as a mediator for college students' social skills and experiences of depression and anxiety. Journal of Adolescence, 73, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.03.006
Mund, M., Freuding, M. M., Möbius, K., Horn, N., & Neyer, F. J. (2020). The stability and change of loneliness across the life span: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Personality and social psychology review, 24(1), 24–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868319850738  
Narchal, R., & McDavitt, S. A. (2017). Loneliness and anxiety sensitivity: Understanding behavioural avoidance in the lonely. Acta Psychopathologica, 3(5). https://doi.org/doi:10.4172/2469-6676.100130
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (2022). Social anxiety disorder: More than just shyness. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/social-anxiety-disorder-more-than-just-shyness#:~:text=Social%20anxiety%20disorder%20is%20an,social%20anxiety%20disorder%20is%20treatable.
Nelson, S. K., Layous, K., Cole, S. W., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2016). Do unto others or treat yourself? The effects of prosocial and self-focused behavior on psychological flourishing. Emotion, 16(6), 850–861. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000178
Peltzer, K. & Pengpid, S. (2017) Loneliness: Its correlates and associations with health risk behaviours among university students in 25 countries. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 27(3), 247-255. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2017.1321851
Qualter, P., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R., Van Roekel, E., Lodder, G., Bangee, M., Maes, M., & Verhagen, M. (2015). Loneliness across the life span. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 250–264. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615568999
Sawir, E., Marginson, S., Deumert, A., Nyland, C., & Ramia, G. (2008). Loneliness and international students: An Australian study. Journal of Studies in International Education, 12(2), 148–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315307299699  
Sheldon, E., Simmonds-Buckley, M., Bone, C., Mascarenhas, T., Chan, N., Wincott, M., Gleeson, H., Sow, K., Hind, D., & Barkham, M. (2021). Prevalence and risk factors for mental health problems in university undergraduate students: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 287, 282–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.054
Slagter, C., & Pyper, M. J. (2019). Linguistic loneliness and study abroad. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 31(1), 46-58. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v31i1.442
Spithoven, A. W., Bijttebier, P., & Goossens, L. (2017). It is all in their mind: A review on information processing bias in lonely individuals. Clinical Psychology Review, 58, 97-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.003
Stroebe, M., van Vliet, T., Hewstone, M., & Willis, H. (2002). Homesickness among students in two cultures: Antecedents and consequences. British Journal of Psychology, 93(2), 147–168. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712602162508
Worsley, J.D., Harrison, P., & Corcoran, R. (2021). Bridging the gap: Exploring the unique transition from home, school or college into university. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, e634285.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.634285

Question 4

Dealing with Uncomfortable Emotions

Accepted Answer

Campbell-Sills, L., Barlow, D. H., Brown, T. A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2006). Effects of suppression and acceptance on emotional responses of individuals with anxiety and mood disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(9), 1251-1263.  
Ford, B. Q., Lam, P., John, O. P., & Mauss, I. B. (2018). The psychological health benefits of accepting negative emotions and thoughts: Laboratory, diary, and longitudinal evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 115(6), 1075- 1092. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000157  
Malivoire, B. L. (2020). Exploring DBT skills training as a treatment avenue for generalized anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 27(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12339 
Navarro-Haro, M. V., Modrego-Alarcón, M., Hoffman, H. G., López-Montoyo, A., Navarro-Gil, M., Montero-Marin, J., García-Palacios, A., Borao, L., & García-Campayo, J. (2019). Evaluation of a mindfulness-based intervention with and without virtual reality dialectical behavior therapy® mindfulness skills training for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in primary care: A pilot study. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.000554.  
Pincus, D. B., Ehrenreich, J. T., & Spiegel, D. A. (2008). Riding the Wave workbook. Oxford University Press, USA. 
Shallcross, A. J., Troy, A. S., Boland, M., & Mauss, I. B. (2010). Let it be: Accepting negative emotional experiences predicts decreased negative affect and depressive symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(9), 921-929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.025  
Singer, A. R., & Dobson, K. S. (2007). An experimental investigation of the cognitive vulnerability to depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(3), 563-575.

Question 5

Effective Communication

Accepted Answer

Bushman, B. J. (2002). Does venting anger feed or extinguish the flame? Catharsis, rumination, distraction, anger, and aggressive responding. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(6), 724-73 https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202289002 
Cannity, K. M., Banerjee, S. C., Hichenberg, S., Leon-Nastasi, A. D., Howell, F., Coyle, N., Zaider, T., & Parker, P. A. (2021). Acceptability and efficacy of a communication skills training for nursing students: Building empathy and discussing complex situations. Nurse Education in Practice, 50, 102928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2020.102928  
Cohn, K. H. (2007). Developing effective communication skills. Journal of Oncology Practice, 3(6), 314-7. http://doi.org/10.1200/JOP.0766501 
Orloff, J. (2017). The empath's survival guide: Life strategies for sensitive people. Sounds True. 
Phutela, D. (2015). The importance of non-verbal communication. IUP Journal of Soft Skills, 9(4), 43. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2715432     
 Polito, J. M. (2013). Effective communication during difficult conversations. The Neurodiagnostic Journal, 53(2), 142-152. http://doi.org/10.1080/21646821.2013.11079899  
Suter, E., Arndt, J., Arthur, N., Parboosingh, J., Taylor, E., & Deutschlander, S. (2009). Role understanding and effective communication as core competencies for collaborative practice. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 23(1), 41-51. http://doi10.1080/13561820802338579

Question 6

Enhancing Positive Awareness

Accepted Answer

Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377–389. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.84.2.377  
Froh, J. J., Emmons, R. A., Card, N. A., Bono, G., & Wilson, J. A. (2011). Gratitude and the reduced costs of materialism in adolescents. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 12(2), 289–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-010-9195-9  
Kiken, L. G., & Shook, N. J. (2011). Looking up: Mindfulness increases positive judgments and reduces negativity bias. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2(4), 425–431. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550610396585  
Rippstein-Leuenberger, K., Mauthner, O., Bryan Sexton, J., & Schwendimann, R. (2017). A qualitative analysis of the Three Good Things intervention in healthcare workers. BMJ open, 7(5), e015826. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-015826   
Vaish, A., Grossmann, T., & Woodward, A. (2008). Not all emotions are created equal: The negativity bias in social-emotional development. Psychological bulletin, 134(3), 383–403. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.383   
Westerhof, G. J., & Keyes, C. L. (2010). Mental illness and mental health: The two continua model across the lifespan. Journal of Adult Development, 17(2), 110–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-009-9082-y

Question 7

Enhancing Student Resilience

Accepted Answer

Anderson, R., Mammen, K., Paul, P., Pletch, A., & Pulia, K. (2017). Using yoga nidra to improve stress in psychiatric nurses in a pilot study. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 23(6), 494-495. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2017.0046    
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). Contexts of child rearing: Problems and prospects. American Psychologist, 34(10), 844–850. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.34.10.844    
Chellew, K., Evans, P., Fornes-Vives, J., Pérez G, & Garcia-Banda, G. (2015). The effect of progressive muscle relaxation on daily cortisol secretion. Stress: The International Journal on the Biology of Stress, 18(5), 538–44.  https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2015.1053454   
Dol, K. S. (2019). Effects of a yoga nidra on the life stress and self-esteem in university students. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 35, 232–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.03.004   
Dolbier, C. L., & Rush, T. E. (2012). Efficacy of abbreviated progressive muscle relaxation in a high-stress college sample. International Journal of Stress Management, 19(1), 48–68. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027326   
Emmons, R. A., McCullough, M. E., & Tsang, J.-A. (2003). The assessment of gratitude. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures (pp. 327–341). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10612-021 
Feldman, G., Greeson, J., & Senville, J. (2010). Differential effects of mindful breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and loving-kindness meditation on decentering and negative reactions to repetitive thoughts. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(10), 1002–1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.06.006   
Froh, J. J., Sefick, W. J., & Emmons, R. A. (2008). Counting blessings in early adolescents: An experimental study of gratitude and subjective well-being. Journal of School Psychology, 46(2), 213–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2007.03.005  
Goldin PR & Gross JJ. (2010). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Emotion, 10(1), 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018441   
Hanley, A., Warner, A, & Garland, E. L. (2015). Associations between mindfulness, psychological well-being, and subjective well-being with respect to contemplative practice. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16, 1423-1436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9569-5 
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2013). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness (Revised and updated ed.). Bantam Books.   
Kabat-Zinn, Jon. (2005). Coming to our senses: Healing ourselves and the world through mindfulness (1st ed.). Hyperion.   
Khoury, B., Sharma, M., Rush, S. E., & Fournier, C. (2015). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for healthy individuals: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 78(6), 519–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.03.009   
Kiken, L. G., Lundberg, K. B., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2017). Being present and enjoying It: Dispositional mindfulness and savoring the moment are distinct, interactive predictors of positive emotions and psychological health. Mindfulness, 8(5), 1280–1290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0704-3   
Kiken, L., & Shook, N. (2011). Looking up: Mindfulness increases positive judgments and reduces negativity bias. Social Psychological & Personality Science, 2(4), 425–431. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550610396585   
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer publishing company.   
Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 111–131. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111   
McCraty, R., Barrios-Choplin, B., Rozman, D., Atkinson, M., & Watkins, A. D. (1998). The impact of a new emotional self-management program on stress, emotions, heart rate variability, DHEA and cortisol. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science, 33(2), 151–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02688660   
Neff, K. D., & Dahm, K. A. (2015). Self-compassion: What it is, what it does, and how it relates to mindfulness. In B. D. Ostafin, M. D. Robinson, & B. P. Meier (Eds.), Handbook of Mindfulness and Self-Regulation (pp. 121–137). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2263-5_10   
Neff, K. D., Hsieh, Y.-P., & Dejitterat, K. (2005). Self-compassion, achievement goals, and coping with academic failure. Self and Identity, 4(3), 263–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576500444000317   
Neff, K. D., Rude, S. S., & Kirkpatrick, K. L. (2007). An examination of self-compassion in relation to positive psychological functioning and personality traits. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(4), 908–916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.08.002   
Pang, D., & Ruch, W. (2019). The mutual support model of mindfulness and character strengths. Mindfulness, 10(8), 1545–1559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01103-z   
Post, S. G. (2005). Altruism, happiness, and health: It’s good to be good. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12(2), 66–77. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm1202_4   
Rippstein-Leuenberger K, Mauthner O, Bryan Sexton J, & Schwendimann R. (2017). A qualitative analysis of the three good things intervention in healthcare workers. BMJ Open, 7(5), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-015826   
Rozin, P., & Royzman, E. B. (2001). Negativity bias, negativity dominance, and contagion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5(4), 296–320.   
Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. Simon and Schuster. 
Tang, Y.-Y., Tang, R., & Posner, M. I. (2016). Mindfulness meditation improves emotion regulation and reduces drug abuse. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 163, S13–S18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.041   
Trew, J. L., & Alden, L. E. (2015). Kindness reduces avoidance goals in socially anxious individuals. Motivation and Emotion, 39(6), 892–907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-015-9499-5   
Vaish A, Grossmann T, & Woodward A. (2008). Not all emotions are created equal: The negativity bias in social-emotional development. Psychological Bulletin, 134(3), 383–403. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.383

Question 8

Financial Wellness

Accepted Answer

Chemers, M. M., Hu, L., & Garcia, B. F. (2001). Academic self-efficacy and first year college student performance and adjustment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(1), 55-64. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-0663.93.1.55  
Credit Counselling Society of British Columbia. (n.d.). Money management basics: 7 easy steps to help you create your first budget. https://nomoredebts.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/7-Steps-Budgeting-Workbook-PDF1.pdf 
Hancock, A. M., Jorgensen, B. L., & Swanson, M. S. (2013). College students and credit card use: The role of parents, work experience, financial knowledge, and credit card attitudes. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 34(4), 369–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-012-9338-8  
Heckman, S., Lim, H., & Montalto, C. (2014). Factors related to financial stress among college students. Journal of Financial Therapy, 5(1), 19-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/1944-9771.1063  
Lim, H. N., Heckman, S. J., Letkiewicz, J. C., & Montalto, C. P. (2014). Financial stress, self-efficacy, and financial help-seeking behavior of college students. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 25(2), 148–160. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2537579  
McGill University: Scholarships and student aid (2021). Work Study Program. McGill University. https://www.mcgill.ca/studentaid/work-study 
McGill University: Student services (2021). Financial Wellness. McGill University. https://www.mcgill.ca/studentservices/health-wellness/financial 
Montalto, C. P., Phillips, E. L., McDaniel, A., & Baker, A. R. (2019). College student financial wellness: Student loans and beyond. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 40(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-018-9593-4 
National Resource Centre on ADHD. (n.d.). Managing money and ADHD: Money management schedule [Fact sheet]. Children and Adults with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (CHADD). https://chadd.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ManagingMoneyADHD_ManagementSchedule.pdf
Northern, J. J., O'Brien, W. H., & Goetz, P. W. (2010). The development, evaluation, and validation of a financial stress scale for undergraduate students. Journal of College Student Development, 51(1), 79–92. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.0.0108  
Norvilitis, J. M. (2014). Changes over time in college student credit card attitudes and debt: Evidence from one campus. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 48(3), 634–647. https://doi.org/10.1111/joca.12043 
Purdue University: Accounting services (2018). Definitions of award, prize, scholarship, and grant. Purdue University. https://www.purdue.edu/business/account/RefRes/defin.html#scholarship 
Robb, C. A. (2017). College student financial stress: Are the kids alright? Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 38(4), 514–527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-017-9527-6 
The Ohio State University. (2020). Study on collegiate financial wellness: 2020 key findings. https://cssl.osu.edu/posts/632320bc-704d-4eef-8bcb-87c83019f2e9/documents/2020-scfw-key-findings-report-combined-accessible.pdf 
Zajacova, A., Lynch, S. M., & Espenshade, T. J. (2005). Self-efficacy, stress, and academic success in college. Research in Higher Education, 46(6), 677-706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-004-4139-z

Question 9

Help-Seeking

Accepted Answer

Rickwood, D., Deane, F. P., Wilson, C. J., & Ciarrochi, J. (2005). Young people's help-seeking for mental health problems. AeJAMH (Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health), 4(3). https://doi.org/10.5172/jamh.4.3.218

Question 10

How to Offer Support - Help-Giving

Accepted Answer

Auerbach, R. P., Mortier, P., Bruffaerts, R., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Cuijpers, P., Demyttenaere, K., Ebert, D. D., Green, J. G., Hasking, P., Murray, E., Nock, M. K., Pinder-Amaker, S., Sampson, N. A., Stein, D. J., Vilagut, G., Zaslavsky, A. M., Kessler, R. C., & WHO WMH-ICS Collaborators. (2018). WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and distribution of mental disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 127(7), 623–638. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000362 
Yap, M. B. H., Reavley, N. J., & Jorm, A. F. (2012). Intentions and helpfulness beliefs about first aid responses for young people with mental disorders: Findings from two Australian national surveys of youth. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136(3), 430-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.11.006

Question 11

Improve Your Time Management

Accepted Answer

Adams, R. V., & Blair, E. (2019). Impact of time management behaviors on undergraduate engineering students’ performance. SAGE Open, 9(1), 2158244018824506. 
Adler, R. F., & Benbunan-Fich, R. (2012). Juggling on a high wire: Multitasking effects on performance. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 70(2), 156-168.4. 
Aguilar, E. (2018). Onward: Cultivating emotional resilience in educators. John Wiley & Sons. 
Buckley, J. P., Hedge, A., Yates, T., Copeland, R. J., Loosemore, M., Hamer, M., Bradley, G., & Dunstan, D. W. (2015). The sedentary office: An expert statement on the growing case for change towards better health and productivity. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(21), 1357-1362. 
Cheng, J., Teevan, J., Iqbal, S. T., & Bernstein, M. S. (2015, April). Break it down: A comparison of macro-and microtasks. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 4061-4064. 
Cheng, S. H., Shih, C. C., Lee, I. H., Hou, Y. W., Chen, K. C., Chen, K. T., Yang, K. Y., & Yang, Y. C. (2012). A study on the sleep quality of incoming university students. Psychiatry Research, 197(3), 270-274. 
Claessens, B. J. C., van Eerde, W., Rutte, C. G., & Roe, R. A. (2007). A review of the time management literature. Personnel Review, 36(2), 255–276. 
Conzemius, A., & O'Neill, J. (2009). The power of SMART goals: Using goals to improve student learning. Solution Tree Press. 
Covey, S. R. (2004). The 7 habits of highly effective people: Powerful lessons in personal change. Simon and Schuster. 
Dalli, M. (2014). The university students time management skills in terms of their academic life satisfaction and academic achievement levels. Educational Research and Reviews, 9(20), 1090-1096. 
Dietrich, J., Viljaranta, J., Moeller, J., & Kracke, B. (2017). Situational expectancies and task values: Associations with students' effort. Learning and Instruction, 47, 53-64. 
Facer-Childs, E. R., Boiling, S., & Balanos, G. M. (2018). The effects of time of day and chronotype on cognitive and physical performance in healthy volunteers. Sports medicine-open, 4(1), 1-12. 
Eyrolle, H., & Cellier, J. M. (2000). The effects of interruptions in work activity: Field and laboratory results. Applied Ergonomics, 31(5), 537-543. 
Galinsky, T., Swanson, N., Sauter, S., Dunkin, R., Hurrell, J., & Schleifer, L. (2007). Supplementary breaks and stretching exercises for data entry operators: A follow‐up field study. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 50(7), 519-527. 
Häfner, A., Stock, A., & Oberst, V. (2015). Decreasing students’ stress through time management training: An intervention study. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 30(1), 81-94. 
Lakein, A. (1989). How to get control of your time and your life. Signet 
Lau, W. W. (2017). Effects of social media usage and social media multitasking on the academic performance of university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 286-291. 
Mark, G., Iqbal, S., & Czerwinski, M. (2017, September). How blocking distractions affects workplace focus and productivity. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers, 928-934. 
Misra, R., & McKean, M. (2000). College students' academic stress and its relation to their anxiety, time management, and leisure satisfaction. American Journal of Health Studies, 16(1), 41.

Question 12

Maintaining Social Support in University

Accepted Answer

Canadian Mental Health Association (CMHA). (2018, December 5). Social support. [Brochure]. https://cmha.ca/brochure/social-support/   
Cuncic, A. (2022, February 13). What is active listening? Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-active-listening-3024343   
Gupta, S. (2022, August 24). How to be more likeable. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/how-to-be-more-likable-6502315?hid=c79e36829c43c759110a75a9b487a203dc3151bb&did=830106-20220825&utm_campaign=verywell-mind_newsletter&utm_source=verywellmind&utm_medium=email&utm_content=082522&cid=830106&mid=95485709059 
Hale, C. J., Hannum, J. W., & Espelage, D. L. (2005). Social support and physical health: The importance of belonging. Journal of American College Health, 53(6), 276–284. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.53.6.276-284     
Hall, J. A. (2019). How many hours does it take to make a friend? Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(4), 1278–1296. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407518761225     
Kingery, J. N., Bodenlos, J. S., & Lathrop, J. A. (2020). Facets of dispositional mindfulness versus sources of social support predicting college students' psychological adjustment. Journal of American College Health, 68(4), 403–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2019.1574801     
Kong, F., Ding, K., & Zhao, J. (2015). The relationships among gratitude, self-esteem, social support and life satisfaction among undergraduate students. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 16(2), 477–489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9519-2   
Mattanah, J. F., Brooks, L. J., Brand, B. L., Quimby, J. L., & Ayers, J. F. (2012). A social support intervention and academic achievement in college: Does perceived loneliness mediate the relationship? Journal of College Counseling, 15(1), 22–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2012.00003.x 
Mishra, S. (2020). Social networks, social capital, social support and academic success in higher education: A systematic review with a special focus on ‘underrepresented’ students. Educational Research Review, 29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2019.100307     
Scott, E. (2020, September 30). How positive thinking impacts your stress level. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/how-does-positive-thinking-impact-your-stress-level-3144711  
Siedlecki, K. L., Salthouse, T. A., Oishi, S., & Jeswani, S. (2014). The relationship between social support and subjective well-being across age. Social Indicators Research, 117(2), 561–576. https://doi.10.1007/s11205-013-0361-4 
Sprecher, S., Treger, S., Wondra, J. D., Hilaire, N., & Wallpe, K. (2013). Taking turns: reciprocal self-disclosure promotes liking in initial interactions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(5), 860–866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.03.01S7  
Taylor, S. E. (2011). Social support: A review. In H. S. Friedman (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of health psychology (pp. 189–214). Oxford University Press.    
Wang, J.-L., Jackson, L. A., Gaskin, J., & Wang, H.-Z. (2014). The effects of Social Networking Site (SNS) use on college students’ friendship and well-being. Computers in Human Behavior, 37, 229–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.051 
Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., & Geraghty, A. W. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical psychology review, 30(7), 890-905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.005

Question 13

Managing Expectation and Coping with Academic Challenges

Accepted Answer

Al-Dubai, S. A. R., Al-Naggar, R. A., Alshagga, M. A., & Rampal, K. G. (2011). Stress and coping strategies of students in a medical faculty in Malaysia. The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences: MJMS, 18(3), 57. 
Barbouta, A., Barbouta, C., & Kotrotsiou, S. (2020). Growth mindset and grit: How do university students’ mindsets and grit affect their academic achievement? International Journal of Caring Sciences, 13(1), 654. 
Briggs, S. (2015, February 10). 25 Ways to Develop a Growth Mindset. InformED. https://www.opencolleges.edu.au/informed/features/develop-a-growth-mindset/ 
Chen, L., Wang, L., Qiu, X. H., Yang, X. X., Qiao, Z. X., Yang, Y. J., & Liang, Y. (2013). Depression among Chinese university students: Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates. PloS One, 8(11), e58379. https://doi.org/10.1371/annotation/e6648eb3-37d6-44d7-8052-979af14fa921 
Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of success. Random House. 
Dweck, C. S., & Yeager, D. S. (2019). Mindsets: A view from two eras. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(3), 481–496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691618804166 
Québec Confederation for Engineering Student Outreach. (2017). Impacts of excessive workload on student mental health [PowerPoint slides]. EngineersCanada. https://engineerscanada.ca/sites/default/files/board/02-QCESO-CFES-Effects-Excessive-Workload-Student-Mental-Health-Open-Forum.pdf 
Steptoe, A., Tsuda, A., & Tanaka, Y. (2007). Depressive symptoms, socio-economic background, sense of control, and cultural factors in university students from 23 countries. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 14(2), 97-107. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03004175
Yeager, D. S., Hanselman, P., Walton, G. M., Murray, J. S., Crosnoe, R., Muller, C., Tipton, E., Schneider, B., Hulleman, C. S., Hinojosa, C. P., Paunesku, D., Romero, C., Flint, K., Roberts, A., Trott, J., Iachan, R., Buontempo, J., Yang, S. M., Carvalho, C. M., … Dweck, C. S. (2019). A national experiment reveals where a growth mindset improves achievement. Nature, 573(7774), 364–369. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1466-y

Question 14

Mindfulness

Accepted Answer

Bamber, M. D., & Schneider, J. K. (2020). College students’ perceptions of mindfulness-based interventions: A narrative review of the qualitative research. Current Psychology, 41, 667–680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00592-4 
Bergin, A. J., & Pakenham, K. I. (2016) The stress-buffering role of mindfulness in the relationship between perceived stress and psychological adjustment. Mindfulness, 7, 928-939. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0532-x  
Bergomi, C., Ströhle, G., Michalak, J., Funke, F., & Berking, M. (2013). Facing the dreaded: Does mindfulness facilitate coping with distressing experiences? A moderator analysis. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, 42(1), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2012.713391  
Birtwell, K., Williams, K., Van Marwijk, H., Armitage, C. J., & Sheffield, D. (2019). An exploration of formal and informal mindfulness practice and associations with wellbeing. Mindfulness, 10(1), 89-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0951-y 
Carsley, D., & Heath, N. L. (2018). Effectiveness of mindfulness-based colouring for test anxiety in adolescents. School Psychology International, 39(3), 251-272. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034318773523 
Crowley, C., Kapitula, L. R., & Munk, D. (2020). Mindfulness, happiness, and anxiety in a sample of college students before and after taking a meditation course. Journal of American College Health, 70(2), 493-500 https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1754839 
Daya, Z., & Hearn, J. H. (2018). Mindfulness interventions in medical education: A systematic review of their impact on medical student stress, depression, fatigue and burnout. Medical teacher, 40(2), 146-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2017.1394999 
Dvořáková, K., Kishida, M., Li, J., Elavsky, S., Broderick, P. C., Agrusti, M. R., & Greenberg, M. T. (2017). Promoting healthy transition to college through mindfulness training with first-year college students: Pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of American College Health, 65(4), 259-267. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2017.1278605 
Halladay, J. E., Dawdy, J. L., McNamara, I. F., Chen, A. J., Vitoroulis, I., McInnes, N., & Munn, C. (2019). Mindfulness for the mental health and well-being of post-secondary students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mindfulness, 10, 397-414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0979-z  
Kabat-Zinn. J. (2013). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness (revised edition.). Bantam Books. 
Leland, M. (2015). Mindfulness and student success. Journal of Adult Education, 44(1), 19-24.

Question 15

Motivation

Accepted Answer

Bandura, A. (1997). The anatomy of stages of change. American journal of health promotion: AJHP, 12(1), 8-10.
Chen, X., & Graham, S. (2018). Doing better but feeling worse: An attributional account of achievement-self-esteem disparities in Asian American students. Social Psychology of Education, 21, 937-949. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-018-9447-9 
Deci, E. L., Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). Motivation and education: The self-determination perspective. Educational psychologist, 26(3-4), 325-346. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.1991.9653137 
Dweck, C. S. (1999). Self-theories: Their role in motivation, personality, and development. Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315783048 
Eccles, J. S. (2005). Subjective task value and the Eccles et al. model of achievement-related choices. In A. J. Elliot & C. S. Dweck (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation (pp. 105-121). Guilford Publications. 
Eccles, J. (2009). Who am I and what am I going to do with my life? Personal and collective identities as motivators of action. Educational Psychologist, 44(2), 78-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520902832368 
Eccles, J. S., & Wigfield, A. (2020). From expectancy-value theory to situated expectancy-value theory: A developmental, social cognitive, and sociocultural perspective on motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 61, 101859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101859 
Elliot, A. J., & Murayama, K. (2008). On the measurement of achievement goals: Critique, illustration, and application. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(3), 613–628. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.100.3.613  
Elliot, A. J., & Thrash, T. M. (2002). Approach-avoidance motivation in personality: approach and avoidance temperaments and goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(5), 804. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.5.804 
Greene, B. A., Miller, R. B., Crowson, H. M., Duke, B. L., & Akey, K. L. (2004). Predicting high school students' cognitive engagement and achievement: Contributions of classroom perceptions and motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 29(4), 462-482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2004.01.006 
Linnenbrink, E. A. (2005). The Dilemma of Performance-Approach Goals: The Use of Multiple Goal Contexts to Promote Students' Motivation and Learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97(2), 197. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.97.2.197 
Linnenbrink-Garcia, L., Patall, E. A., & Pekrun, R. (2016). Adaptive motivation and emotion in education: Research and principles for instructional design. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3(2), 228-236. https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732216644450  
Maddux, J. E. (2013). Self-efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment: Theory, research, and application. Springer Science & Business Media.  
Niemiec, C. P., & Ryan, R. M. (2009). Autonomy, competence, and relatedness in the classroom: Applying self-determination theory to educational practice. Theory and Research in Education, 7(2), 133-144. https://doi.org/10.1177/147787850910431 
Perry, R. P., Stupnisky, R. H., Hall, N. C., Chipperfield, J. G., & Weiner, B. (2010). Bad starts and better finishes: Attributional retraining and initial performance in competitive achievement settings. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(6), 668–700. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2010.29.6.668 
Plante, I., O’Keefe, P. A., & Théorêt, M. (2013). The relation between achievement goal and expectancy-value theories in predicting achievement-related outcomes: A test of four theoretical conceptions. Motivation and Emotion, 37, 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-012-9282-9  
Richardson, M., Abraham, C., & Bond, R. (2012). Psychological correlates of university students' academic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 138(2), 353–387. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026838  
Schunk, D. H., Meece, J. L., & Pintrich, P. R. (2014). Motivation in education: Theory, research, and applications (4th ed.). Pearson.  
Urdan, T., & Kaplan, A. (2020). The origins, evolution, and future directions of achievement goal theory. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 61, 101862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101862 
Van Dinther, M., Dochy, F., & Segers, M. (2011). Factors affecting students’ self-efficacy in higher education. Educational Research Review, 6(2), 95-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2010.10.003 
Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J. S. (2000). Expectancy–value theory of achievement motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 68-81. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1015 
Wigfield, A., Tonks, S., & Klauda, S. L. (2016). Expectancy-value theory. In K. R. Wentzel & D.B. Mielecpesnm (Eds.) Handbook of Motivation at School (pp. 55-74). Routledge.

Question 16

Physical Well-Being

Accepted Answer

Beshears, J., Lee, H. N., Milkman, K. L., Mislavsky, R., & Wisdom, J. (2021). Creating exercise habits using incentives: The trade-off between flexibility and routinization. Management Science, 67(7), 4139–4171. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2020.3706  
Biddle, S. J. H., Ciaccioni, S., Thomas, G., & Vergeer, I. (2019). Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: An updated review of reviews and an analysis of causality. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 42, 146–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.08.011 
Buecker, S., Simacek, T., Ingwersen, B., Terwiel, S., & Simonsmeier, B. A. (2021). Physical activity and subjective well-being in healthy individuals: A meta-analytic review. Health Psychology Review, 15(4), 574–592. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2020.1760728 
Dugdill, L., Coulson, J. C., McKenna, J., & Field, M. (2008). Exercising at work and self‐reported work performance. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 3(1), 176-197. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538350810926534  
Edenfield, T. M., & Blumenthal, J. A. (2011). Exercise and stress reduction. In R. J. Contrada & A. Baum (Eds.), The handbook of stress science: Biology, psychology, and health (pp. 301–319). Springer Publishing Company.  
Gaertner, B., Buttery, A. K., Finger, J. D., Wolfsgruber, S., Wagner, M., & Busch, M. A. (2018). Physical exercise and cognitive function across the life span: Results of a nationwide population-based study. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(5), 489–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.08.022  
Galinsky, T., Swanson, N., Sauter, S., Dunkin, R., Hurrell, J., & Schleifer, L. (2007). Supplementary breaks and stretching exercises for data entry operators: A follow‐up field study. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 50(7), 519-527. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20472  
Jacob, L., Tully, M. A., Barnett, Y., Lopez-Sanchez, G. F., Butler, L., Schuch, F., López-Bueno, R., McDermott, D., Firth, J., Grabovac, I., Yakkundi, A., Armstrong, N., Young, T., & Smith, L. (2020). The relationship between physical activity and mental health in a sample of the UK public: A cross-sectional study during the implementation of covid-19 social distancing measures. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2020.100345  
Lang, C., Brand, S., Feldmeth, A. K., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., Pühse, U., & Gerber, M. (2013). Increased self-reported and objectively assessed physical activity predict sleep quality among adolescents. Physiology & Behavior, 120, 46–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.07.001  
Park, S. (2014). Associations of physical activity with sleep satisfaction, perceived stress, and problematic internet use in Korean adolescents. Bmc Public Health, 14(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1143   
Samani, A., & Heath, M. (2018). Executive-related oculomotor control is improved following a 10-min single-bout of aerobic exercise: Evidence from the antisaccade task. Neuropsychologia, 108, 73-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.11.029  
Stanton, R., To, Q. G., Khalesi, S., Williams, S. L., Alley, S. J., Thwaite, T. L., Fenning, A. S., & Vandelanotte, C. (2020). Depression, anxiety and stress during covid-19: Associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in Australian adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114065  
Wang, F., & Boros, S. (2021). The effect of physical activity on sleep quality: A systematic review. European Journal of Physiotherapy, 23(1), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/21679169.2019.1623314  
Wicker, P., & Frick, B. (2015). The relationship between intensity and duration of physical activity and subjective well-being. European Journal of Public Health, 25(5), 868–72. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckv131

Question 17

School Involvement and Activities Building Community at University

Accepted Answer

Bryant, J.A., Banta, T.W., & Bradley, J.L. (1995). Assessment provides insight into the impact and effectiveness of campus recreation programs. NASPA Journal, 32, 153–160. Retrieved from http://journals.naspa.org/. 
Henchy, A. (2013). The perceived benefits of participating in campus recreation programs and facilities: A comparison between undergraduate and graduate students. Recreational Sports Journal, 37(2), 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1123/rsj.37.2.97  
Tinto, V. (1975). Dropouts from higher education: A theoretical synthesis of recent research. Review of Educational Research, 45, 89-125. Retrieved from http://rer.sagepub.com/

Question 18

Self-Care

Accepted Answer

Scott, E. (2021, March 22). How to find time for yourself. VeryWell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/how-and-why-to-find-time-for-yourself-3144757  
Scott, E. (2021, December 9). 5 Self-care practices for every area of your life. VeryWell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/self-care-strategies-overall-stress-reduction-3144729 
Spector, N. (2020, February 18). What is self-care? How to cut through the marketing noise and actually practice it. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/better/lifestyle/what-self-care-how-cut-through-marketing-noise-actually-practice-ncna1134921

Question 19

Self-Criticism Enhances Performance: Fact or Myth

Accepted Answer

Abramowski, A. (2018). Is procrastination all that “bad”? A qualitative study of academic procrastination and self-worth in postgraduate university students. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 46(2), 158–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852352.2016.1198168  
Allen, A. B., & Leary, M. R. (2010). Self‐compassion, stress, and coping. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(2), 107-118.  
Burka, J. & Yuen, L. M. (2008). Procrastination: Why you do it, what to do about it now. De Capo Lifelong Books.  
Dreisoerner, A., Junker, N. M., & Van Dick, R. (2021). The relationship among the components of self-compassion: A pilot study using a compassionate writing intervention to enhance self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22, 21-47 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00217-4  
Dweck, C. S. (2016). Mindset: The new psychology of success (Updated edition). Ballantine Books.  
Engström, M., & Söderfeldt, B. (2010). Brain activation during compassion meditation: A case study. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16(5), 597-599. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2009.0309 
Farrington, J. (2012). Procrastination—not all it's put off to be. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 24(4), 11–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/piq.20121  
Hope, N., Koestner, R., & Milyavskaya, M. (2014). The role of self-compassion in goal pursuit and well-being among university freshmen. Self and Identity, 13(5), 579–593. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2014.889032  
Naragon-Gainey, K., & Watson, D. (2012). Personality, structure. Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, 90–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-375000-6.00275-5  
Neff, K. (2022). What is self-compassion? Self-Compassion. https://self-compassion.org/the-three-elements-of-self-compassion-2/  
Neff, K. D. (2022). Self-compassion guided practices and exercises. Self-Compassion. https://self-compassion.org/category/exercises/#exercises   
Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. (2013). A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(1), 28–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21923  
Neff, K. D., & Vonk, R. (2009). Self-compassion versus global self-esteem: Two different ways of relating to oneself. Journal of Personality, 77(1), 23–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00537.x  
Neff, K. D., Hsieh, Y. P., & Dejitterat, K. (2005). Self-compassion, achievement goals, and coping with academic failure. Self and Identity, 4(3), 263-287. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576500444000317  
Odou, N., & Brinker, J. (2014). Exploring the relationship between rumination, self-compassion, and mood. Self and Identity, 13(4), 449–459. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2013.840332  
Petrocchi, N., Couyoumdijan, A (2015). The impact of gratitude on depression and anxiety: The mediating role of criticizing, attacking, and reassuring the self. Self and Identity, 15(2), 191-205. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2015.1095794  
Powers, T. A., Koestner, R., & Zuroff, D. C. (2007). Self-criticism, goal motivation and goal progress. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26, 814-828.  
Powers, T. A., Koestner, R., Zuroff, D. C., Milyavskaya, M., & Gorin, A. A. (2011). The effects of self-criticism and self-oriented perfectionism on goal pursuit. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(7), 964–975. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211410246 
Urken, D., & LeCroy, C. W. (2021). A randomized controlled trial of a self-compassion writing intervention for adults with mental illness. Research on Social Work Practice, 31(3), 254-256. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731520972779  
Williams, G. J., Stark, S. K., & Foster, E. E. (2008). Relationships among self-compassion, motivation, and procrastination. American Journal of Psychological Research, 4(1).

Question 20

Sleep Hygiene

Accepted Answer

Anderson, R., Mammen, K., Paul, P., Pletch, A., & Pulia, K. (2017). Using yoga nidra to improve stress in psychiatric nurses in a pilot study. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 23(6), 494-495. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2017.0046    
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). Contexts of child rearing: Problems and prospects. American Psychologist, 34(10), 844–850. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.34.10.844   
Chellew, K., Evans, P., Fornes-Vives, J., Pérez G, & Garcia-Banda, G. (2015). The effect of progressive muscle relaxation on daily cortisol secretion. Stress: The International Journal on the Biology of Stress, 18(5), 538–44. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2015.1053454   
Dol, K. S. (2019). Effects of a yoga nidra on the life stress and self-esteem in university students. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 35, 232–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.03.004   
Dolbier, C. L., & Rush, T. E. (2012). Efficacy of abbreviated progressive muscle relaxation in a high-stress college sample. International Journal of Stress Management, 19(1), 48–68. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027326   
Emmons, R. A., McCullough, M. E., & Tsang, J.-A. (2003). The assessment of gratitude. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures (pp. 327–341). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10612-021 
Feldman, G., Greeson, J., & Senville, J. (2010). Differential effects of mindful breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and loving-kindness meditation on decentering and negative reactions to repetitive thoughts. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(10), 1002–1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.06.006   
Froh, J. J., Sefick, W. J., & Emmons, R. A. (2008). Counting blessings in early adolescents: An experimental study of gratitude and subjective well-being. Journal of School Psychology, 46(2), 213–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2007.03.005   
Goldin PR & Gross JJ. (2010). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Emotion, 10(1), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018441   
Hanley, A., Warner, A, & Garland, E. L. (2015). Associations between mindfulness, psychological well-being, and subjective well-being with respect to contemplative practice. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16, 1423-1436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9569-5 
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2013). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness (Revised edition.). Bantam Books.   
Kabat-Zinn, Jon. (2005). Coming to our senses: Healing ourselves and the world through mindfulness (1st ed.). Hyperion.   
Khoury, B., Sharma, M., Rush, S. E., & Fournier, C. (2015). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for healthy individuals: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 78(6), 519–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.03.009   
Kiken, L. G., Lundberg, K. B., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2017). Being present and enjoying it: Dispositional mindfulness and savoring the moment are distinct, interactive predictors of positive emotions and psychological health. Mindfulness, 8(5), 1280–1290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0704-3   
Kiken, L., & Shook, N. (2011). Looking up: Mindfulness increases positive judgments and reduces negativity bias. Social Psychological & Personality Science, 2(4), 425–431.   
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer Publishing Company.   
Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 111–131. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111   
McCraty, R., Barrios-Choplin, B., Rozman, D., Atkinson, M., & Watkins, A. D. (1998). The impact of a new emotional self-management program on stress, emotions, heart rate variability, DHEA and cortisol. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science, 33(2), 151–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02688660  
Neff, K. D., & Dahm, K. A. (2015). Self-compassion: What it is, what it does, and how it relates to mindfulness. In B. D. Ostafin, M. D. Robinson, & B. P. Meier (Eds.), Handbook of Mindfulness and Self-Regulation (pp. 121–137). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2263-5_10   
Neff, K. D., Hsieh, Y.-P., & Dejitterat, K. (2005). Self-compassion, achievement goals, and coping with academic failure. Self and Identity, 4(3), 263–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576500444000317   
Neff, K. D., Rude, S. S., & Kirkpatrick, K. L. (2007). An examination of self-compassion in relation to positive psychological functioning and personality traits. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(4), 908–916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.08.002   
Pang, D., & Ruch, W. (2019). The mutual support model of mindfulness and character strengths. Mindfulness, 10(8), 1545–1559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01103-z   
Post, S. G. (2005). Altruism, happiness, and health: It’s good to be good. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12(2), 66–77. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm1202_4   
Rippstein-Leuenberger K, Mauthner O, Bryan Sexton J, & Schwendimann R. (2017). A qualitative analysis of the three good things intervention in healthcare workers. BMJ Open, 7(5), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-015826   
Rozin, P., & Royzman, E. B. (2001). Negativity bias, negativity dominance, and contagion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5(4), 296–320.   
Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. Free Press.   
Tang, Y.-Y., Tang, R., & Posner, M. I. (2016). Mindfulness meditation improves emotion regulation and reduces drug abuse. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 163, S13–S18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.041   
Trew, J. L., & Alden, L. E. (2015). Kindness reduces avoidance goals in socially anxious individuals. Motivation and Emotion, 39(6), 892–907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-015-9499-5  
Vaish A, Grossmann T, & Woodward A. (2008). Not all emotions are created equal: The negativity bias in social-emotional development. Psychological Bulletin, 134(3), 383–403. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.383

Question 21

Smart Nutrition

Accepted Answer

AlAmmar, W. A., Albeesh, F. H., & Khattab, R. Y. (2020). Food and mood: The corresponsive effect. Current Nutrition Reports, 9(3), 296-308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-020-00331-3 
Banikazemi, Z., Mirzaei, H., Mokhber, N., & Ghayour Mobarhan, M. (2016). Selenium intake is related to beck's depression score. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 18(3), 21993. https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.21993 
Benton, D. (2002). Carbohydrate ingestion, blood glucose and mood. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 26(3), 293-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(02)00004-0 
Health Services (n.d.). How to eat well on a budget.  Concordia University News.https://www.concordia.ca/cunews/offices/provost/health/topics/healthy-eating/eat-well-budget.html 
Dalen, J., Smith, B. W., Shelley, B. M., Sloan, A. L., Leahigh, L., & Begay, D. (2010). Pilot study: Mindful Eating and Living (MEAL): Weight, eating behavior, and psychological outcomes associated with a mindfulness-based intervention for people with obesity. Complementary therapies in medicine, 18(6), 260-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2010.09.008 
Friedman, R. (2014). What you eat affects your productivity. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2014/10/what-you-eat-affects-your-productivity.   
Golf, S. W., Bender, S., & Grüttner, J. (1998). On the significance of magnesium in extreme physical stress. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy, 12(2), 197-202. 
 Hansen, A. L., Olson, G., Dahl, L., Thornton, D., Grung, B., Graff, I. E., Frøyland, L., & Thayer, J. F. (2014). Reduced anxiety in forensic inpatients after a long-term intervention with Atlantic salmon. Nutrients, 6(12), 5405-5418. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6125405 
Kristeller, J. L., & Wolever, R. Q. (2010). Mindfulness-based eating awareness training for treating binge eating disorder: The conceptual foundation. Eating disorders, 19(1), 49-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2011.533605 
Masento, N. A., Golightly, M., Field, D. T., Butler, L. T., & van Reekum, C. M. (2014). Effects of hydration status on cognitive performance and mood. British Journal of Nutrition, 111(10), 1841-1852. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114513004455 
Mitchell, E. S., Slettenaar, M., Quadt, F., Giesbrecht, T., Kloek, J., Gerhardt, C., Bot, A., Eilander, A., & Wiseman, S. (2011). Effect of hydrolysed egg protein on brain tryptophan availability. British journal of nutrition, 105(4), 611-617. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510004150 
Rathod, R., Kale, A., & Joshi, S. (2016). Novel insights into the effect of vitamin B 12 and omega-3 fatty acids on brain function. Journal of biomedical science, 23(17), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-016-0241-8 
Ribeiro, C. U. (2015). Effects of oral vitamin C supplementation on anxiety in students: A doubleblind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 18(1), 11-18.  
Russo, A. J. (2011). Decreased zinc and increased copper in individuals with anxiety. Nutrition and metabolic insights, 4, 1-5.  https://doi.org/10.4137/NMI.S634  
Selhub, E. M., Logan, A. C., & Bested, A. C. (2014). Fermented foods, microbiota, and mental health: ancient practice meets nutritional psychiatry. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 33(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1880-6805-33-2 
St-Onge, M. P., Mikic, A., & Pietrolungo, C. E. (2016). Effects of diet on sleep quality. Advances in nutrition, 7(5), 938-949. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.116.012336 
Zelman, K., (2021, November 16). Foods that help tame stress. Nourish by WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/diet/ss/slideshow-diet-for-stress-management   
Zhang, J., Zhang, N., Du, S., He, H., Xu, Y., Cai, H., Guo, X., & Ma, G. (2018). The effects of hydration status on cognitive performances among young adults in Hebei, China: A randomized controlled trial (RCT). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(7), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071477

Question 22

Study Skills and Procrastination

Accepted Answer

Akça, F. (2012). An investigation into the self-handicapping behaviors of undergraduates in terms of academic procrastination, the locus of control and academic success. Journal of Education and Learning, 1(2), 288-297. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jel.v1n2p288 
Burka, J., & Yuen, L. M. (2007). Procrastination: Why you do it, what to do about it now. Da Capo Lifelong Books. 
Dweck, C. S. (2008). Mindset: The new psychology of success. Random House Digital, Inc. 
Eckert, M., Ebert, D. D., Lehr, D., Sieland, B., & Berking, M. (2016). Overcome procrastination: Enhancing emotion regulation skills reduce procrastination. Learning and Individual Differences, 52, 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.10.001 
Jones, R. P. (2021, February 18). Procrastination: It's not what you think it is. UBC. https://students.ubc.ca/ubclife/procrastination-its-not-what-you-think-it   
Lawlor, K. B. (2012). Smart goals: How the application of smart goals can contribute to achievement of student learning outcomes. Developments in business simulation and experiential learning,  39,259-267. 
McKay, B. (Editor-in-chief). (2017, November 17). How to finally beat procrastination (No. 356) [Audio podcast episode]. In Art of Manliness. Art of Manliness. https://www.artofmanliness.com/podcast/ 
Sirois, F. M., Melia-Gordon, M. L., & Pychyl, T. A. (2003). “I'll look after my health, later”: An investigation of procrastination and health. Personality and individual differences, 35(5), 1167-1184.  
Siriois, F., & Pychyl, T. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115-127. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011  
Sirois, F. M., & Tosti, N. (2012). Lost in the moment? An investigation of procrastination, mindfulness, and well-being. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 30(4), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-012-0151-y  
Stead, R., Shanahan, M. J., & Neufeld, R. W. (2010). “I’ll go to therapy, eventually”: Procrastination, stress and mental health. Personality and individual differences, 49(3), 175-180. 
Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: a meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological bulletin, 133(1), 65.  
Török, L., Szabó, Z. P., & Tóth, L. (2018). A critical review of the literature on academic self-handicapping: Theory, manifestations, prevention and measurement. Social Psychology of Education, 21(5), 1175-1202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-018-9460-z

Question 23

What is Perspective Taking?

Accepted Answer

Dreisoerner, A., Junker, N. M., & van Dick, R. (2021). The relationship among the components of self-compassion: A pilot study using a compassionate writing intervention to enhance self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 22(1), 21–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00217-4   
Kabat-Zinn. J. (2013). Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. Full catastrophe living (Rev. ed.). Bantam Books. 
Kiken, L. G., & Shook, N. J. (2011). Looking up: Mindfulness increases positive judgments and reduces negativity bias. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2(4), 425–431. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550610396585   
Neff, K. (2003a). Self-compassion: an alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032 
Stanborough, R. J. (2019, December 18). What are cognitive distortions and how can you change these thinking patterns? Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/cognitive-distortions

EDUCATION FOR MENTAL HEALTH RESILIENCE

References